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comparing and contrasting the experiences of the eight women who came to the front in the Second World War.
During the Second World War, eight women photographers, journalists and broadcasters were greatly credited for their contribution to journalism through the courage they took in pursuing a career that was previously male dominated. They included Therese Bonney, Toni Frissell, Marvin Breckingridge Patterson, Clare Boothe Luce, Janet Flanner, Esther Bubley, Dorothea Lange and May Craig. According to Bracket (2008), their stories opened a window of a generation of women who managed to venture in the battlefield as well as in the newsrooms. By taking different paths in their duties during the war they went through different experiences which they saw as a unique opportunity to help pursue their passion. Therese Bonney was a photojournalist who believed the outbreak of the Second World War was a threat to Europeans’ civilization and was deeply concerned about the suffering of innocent civilians during the war. This took her to the countryside in an effort to expose the truth about the war and make it known to the people. She touched many viewers by her images portraying displaced children and adults in Europe’s countryside. This was later put in a book entitled “Europe’s Children”. She also became the official photographer of the French Armys military head quarters during the war.
Toni Frisell, another photographer was initially in fashion photography before volunteering her services in World War II with the American Red Cross, Women’s Army Corps as well as the eighth Army Air force where she produced images of soldiers in the battlefront, orphaned children and nurses among others. Her images were mostly aimed at supporting certain objectives like the negative public perception of women soldiers (Bracket 2008). Marvin Breckinridge Patterson was another female icon who worked as a freelance photojournalist. Having taken the first pictures of a London air raid shelter, she was later hired as the first female broadcaster for CBS in Europe. After quitting her broadcasting career she hoped to return to photojournalism but the United States Department on defense stopped her on account of possibly compromising her diplomat husband’s work in Berlin. Unlike her photographer colleagues, she was frustrated as even her attempts to take pictures of prisoners of war camps were stopped by the Germans. Clare Boothe Luce was a congresswoman (1942-1946), ambassador, playwright and socialite. She was a battlefront reporter who experienced bomb raids in Europe, and Far East as well as house arrest by British customs in Trinidad due o herb draft article on poor military preparedness in Libya. However, her true passion was in playwriting.
Janet Flanner was a writer whose contribution to World War II included letter from Paris, pieces on Hitler’s rise, and Nuremburg trials among others. Like Therese Bonney, she was concerned about the threat of the war on European civilization due to the long term damage of Europe during the war. Another photojournalist was the then young Esther Bubley whose objective was to explore the American home front taking images of boarding houses for war city workers as well as those of the country during its transition from the great depression. She focused on average Americans and the human dimension of war mobilization unlike her colleagues. Dorothea Lange featured the change on the home front like Bubbley majorly among ethnic groups and displaced workers. She was hired to photograph in Japanese neighborhood camps and processing centers and differed with the war relocation authority and the US government due to the civil rights issues raised by the Japanese. May Craig was a newspaper columnist with “inside in Washington” working as a correspondent and documented the V-bomb raids in London, the Paris Liberation and the Normandy campaign among others.
Case study 2: Latin America and the Catholic Church with reference to the Pope’s visit to Nicaragua.
Pope John Paul II’s 1983 visit to Managua in Nicaragua, Latin America was marred by controversy. According to Hoyt (1983) his visit came after the 1968 Latin American bishops’ conference at Medellin, Colombia which opposed the conflicts resulting from the liberation war. However, during this visit, the Sandinista National Liberation Front supporter which was the ruling party in government heckled him as he made his speech and shut off his microphone as a demonstration of their dissatisfaction to his words (Preston 2008). Visiting the country at a time when many Catholics had been killed and displaced from their homes and even when some catholic priests had lost their lives as a result of the conflicts brought by the antigovernment reformists, some of the catholic reformists expected the pope to address the plight of those affected by the war by way of losing their loved ones as well as those living in deplorable conditions due to the effects of the war. Contrary to their expectations the popes speech was clearly in support of the liberation cause and warned those affected against taking revenge on their oppressors, adding that the memory of Archbishop Romero who was a martyr should never be a reason for them to result in to violence (Hoyt 1983 PR2).
The popes visit at the plaza where there wee thousands of people composed of simple revolutionaries, women associations, peasant farm workers association, whose expectations about his visit were very high. Though this was the same venue where 17 members of the Sandinista youth organization who were attacked and killed had been b buried the previous day the pope did not offer even a message of consolation to the bereaved families, which was the least of their expectations. To most oaf the catholic supporters especially those in the Sandinista movement, he should have addressed them about the political revolution that was prevailing at that moment alongside his obvious message of fostering peace among the faithful in the Catholic Church. To the Catholics whose beloved ones had been murdered, political peace and stability was more important to them given the prevailing circumstances. In this regard, the pope was expected to give a message of peace to the people of Nicaragua which many thought would go along way into calming the wearing spirit in the country. Contrary to their expectations, the pope did not give a message of peace, a move that many feared would lead to more bloodshed after his departure.
References
Antoine, C. (1983) Nicaragua: In the Footsteps of Polish Church?
Bracket, K. (2008). Gender Equity in World History. Newyork times. Print.
Hoyt, K. (16 Mar. 1983) .The 1983 visit of Pope John Paul II to Nicaragua. Matagalpa. Print.
Presto, J. (2nd Feb. 1996). Nicaragua Students cloud Pope’s visit. Newyork Times. Print.
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