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School of Humanities, Languages & Social Science
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
What is Terrorism and Who is a Terrorist? Terrorism in the Ancient World
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A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
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Understanding Terrorism
Terrorism is a subset of political violence.
Terrorism is a form of criminal violence.
Terrorism is a form of political crime.
Terrorism is a form of political communication.
Understanding terrorism requires an interdisciplinary approach that integrates such fields of study as history, criminology, law, political science and psychology.
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A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
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What is Terrorism?
No universally accepted definition of terrorism.
Terrorism defined for different purposes.
5 key elements of terrorism: (1) terrorism uses violence & force; (2) terrorism targets non-combatants; (3) terrorism aims of influence & intimidate; (4) terrorism is motivated by political, religious or ideological objectives; (5) terrorism creates a state of fear & terror.
Types of terrorism: (1) Dissident terrorism; (2) State terrorism.
What causes terrorism?
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A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
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Who is a Terrorist?
Answering the question “who is a terrorist?” is difficult because the impact of terrorism is subjective and emotive.
‘One person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter’.
Labelling someone a ‘terrorist’ or a ‘freedom fighter’ is a moral judgement.
‘Terrorist’ is a negative term that emphasizes the barbarity of the person and the illegitimacy of their act.
Considering historical context is important.
Freedom fighters generally have the support of a large section of the community.
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A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
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Terror & Tyrannicide in the Ancient World
Terrorism in the modern sense did not exist in the ancient world.
Assyrians (9th-7th centuries BC) among the first practitioners of psychological warfare.
Philosophical justifications for political violence & tyrannicide.
Aristotle: “Hatred of tyrants is inevitable”.
Cicero: To kill a tyrant was “the noblest of all noble deeds”.
Acts of tyrannicide common in the ancient world.
7 assassinations in the name of tyrannicide in Greece between the 6th century BC and the 3rd century BC.
Assassination was the closest parallel to modern terrorism in the ancient world.
Assassination of Julius Caesar in 44BC the classic ancient example of tyrannicide.
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The assassination of Julius Caesar, 44BC
A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
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A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
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The Zealots or Sicarii
Zealots (also known as the Sicarii) existed in Judea in the 1st century AD.
Carried out covert murders & assassinations as well as kidnappings.
Background to the emergence of the Sicarii was disgruntlement with the Roman Empire.
Their targets were Jewish collaborators of the Romans.
The Sicarii justified their terrorism on religious grounds.
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The Fortress of Masada in Israel where 960 Zealots committed suicide in 74AD.
A History of Terrorism & Political Violence
GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY
(Run Time – 40:38)
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The Sicarii Terror Documentary
(Run Time – 4:03)
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