Relationships and Causation / Reliability and Validity in Measurement

Discussion 1: Relationships and Causation
When considering the world of relationships between variables, it is a common mistake to assume causation when a correlation is present. A high correlation between variables does not necessarily indicate causation. While strong correlations prompt researchers to take notice of possible causality, researchers must also be aware of attentional bias and prior beliefs when interpreting correlations. It is, therefore, important to examine how causation is established. In this Discussion, you will distinguish between the two concepts of causation and correlation and apply them to your potential Doctoral Study.

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Post an analysis of the difference between causation and correlation within the context of your DBA doctoral research study. In your analysis, do the following:
• Assess the implications for professional practice when a researcher implies causation after using correlation (e.g., bivariate correlation) analyses.
• Explain why the results of bivariate correlation analyses are considered weak in terms of internal validity.
• Explain how you would extend or modify a research design to examine a true cause-and-effect relationship.
• 3 references including (Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2017). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.)

Discussion 2: Reliability and Validity in Measurement (Separate Page)

Post an explanation of the importance of psychometrically (reliability and validity) sound instruments to measure constructs within quantitative business research. In your explanation, do the following:
• Describe the similarities and differences of reliability and validity within the context of quantitative business research.
• Identify the instrument utilized in your chosen article, including relevant details such as requirements or tools.
• Discuss the concepts of the instrument’s measurements and their psychometric properties.
• Explain why or why not you would use this instrument in your own DBA Doctoral Study, providing support based upon your assessment of its psychometric properties.

3 references including (Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2017). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.)