Please answer the following question in a 250-word response minimum. Try your best to reference the text if needed please do so attached to the assignment is a pdf file of the text book used in this class.

Please answer the following question in a 250-word response minimum. Try your best to reference the text if needed please do so attached to the assignment is a pdf file of the text book used in this class.

(outside sources are okay, but please cite)

1. Consider the information in Sensation and Perception on spatial organization. If you are giving directions to someone on how to get to your house without technological methods, what method do you utilize? If your friend uses a different method, how would you change your instructions? Why would you change them?

2. First Message 2: Refer to the “Test Yourself 7.1” section in Sensation and Perception. Choose two of the questions and explain the role of visual perception on the behavior listed.

Please participate (respond) to the classmates answers with notable and educational input. (200 word minimum Reponses)

1. Kelly: Hello classmates and facilitator.  If I were giving a friend directions to my home without using technology, the method I would use would be to use pen and paper.  I would start out by drawing a map and then I would put exact directions in writing.  It will look as follows: 1) Turn right out of the driveway 2) At the stop sign make a left turn 3) Go estimated 5 miles and make a left right next to the BP gas station 4) Go straight for estimated 15 miles and make a left onto Grant Pl 5) Make first right 6) Go to end of street 7) and the house is the third on the right 8) It has a tire swing in the front yard.  If a different friend gave a different form of directions, they would use technology.  What they would do would be to give the friend the address for them to put into a GPS system and get directions straight to their home.  The changes that would be made would be that we would not be using the written method using a pen and paper and we would put technology into effect.  The easiest way is to use technology.  As you can see, using the written method can be very confusing.

2. Clarissa: Let me start off by mentioning that Land Nav. was not my strongest skill during my enlistment, but once I am familiar with an area I can’t forget the layout.

I would first as if they are familiar with the general area (5 mile radius) of where my home is located. If they say yes, I narrow the area down to major cross streets and wait for them to nod or acknowledge that they are still tracking. If no, I broaden the radius or mention a major marker near by like a shopping mall or big car dealership, anything that could trigger a sort of “Oh, ok! Yeah, I know where that is.” response. Then I can continue with my description from there. The key point is establishing a familiar starting point. I tend to become very specific by using street names, number of city blocks, and markers such as gas stations or fast-food places. If they take directions differently, I would adapt. I’m great at drawing maps. Any way they are better able to understand the directions.

3. Bernice: Spatial organization refers to the way stimuli at specific locations in the environment are represented by activity at specific locations in the nervous system (Goldstein, 2013). The method I would utilize is writing it down (pen and paper). It would probably go something like this:

Get on a certain interstate, then an exit, drive a certain number of miles down a road, then turn at certain lights, schools, stores, or gas stations.

I will probably change my instructions and organize it according to my friends’ format, because of her unfamiliarity with my surroundings; I would have to put it in a way that she would be able to navigate. Organization plays a central role in achieving the tasks of both processing specific information and combining information to create coherent perceptions (Goldstein, 2013). Also, I may organize my directions, so certain things can boldly stand out (for every stop or every turn) so my friend can understand my perception. Because of my familiarity; my instructions may not be precise; I am giving her directions according to the way I see things.

4. Ashley: As someone who was born and raised in a very small town that had zero stoplights and less than 1500 people, I tend to use North (N), South (S), East (E), West (W) and landmarks to give directions when an electronic device isn’t available. As I am giving the instructions, I often visualize myself in the car driving for my friend so that I can accurately describe direction (N, S, E, W and Right or Left). In addition, to this I also utilize landmarks such as when I provide directions to people to get to my work, “head west on 20th street, we are just South of the Civic Center and West of the Sheriffs Office in the tall building called the City Center Building. Come in the west side of the building where you will find a parking lot and a back door, come in through the door until you see the elevators on the right, take the elevators to the 4th floor where you will find the first door off the elevator is our office.” If I don’t know N, S, E, W I really struggle with directions, but this is where including landmarks in helps to cover confusion there.

5. Brendan: 8. What is wayfinding? Describe the research of Hamid et al. (computer maze) and Schinazi and Epstein (walking on the Penn campus) that investigated the role of landmarks in wayfinding. Wayfinding (environmental navigation) is taking a route that involves making turns. Sahar Hamid and his coworkers studies show how subjects used land- marks as they learned to navigate through a maze like environmental displayed on a computer screen in which pictures of common objects served as landmarks. The subjects’ eye movements were measured using head-mounted eye trackers during both the training and testing phase. It was noted that the eye tracking measurements recorded that the subjects spent more time looking at decision-point landmarks (objects at corners where the subject had to decide which direction to turn, than at non-decision-point landmarks (objects located in the middle of corridors that provided no information about how to navigate). It was suggested that probably, because the decision point landmarks were more important for navigating the maze. Schinazi and Epstein studies of walking through the University of Penn campus showed that after the subjects have learned the route, they were able to recognize pictures of buildings that were located at decision points than those located in the middle of the block. Thus, decision-point landmarks are not only more likely to be recognized than non-decision-point land-marks, they also generate greater levels of brain activity (Goldstein, 2013).

11. What does it mean to say that wayfinding is “multifaceted”? Wayfinding is a multifaceted skill requiring the processing and interpretation of sensory information, conceptual knowledge, problem solving, reasoning and decision making. Limitations in any of these functions may result in restrictions for participation in myriad social, vocational, educational and recreational activities of daily living (La Grow, 2010).

6. Amanda: Question# 3: What is invariant information? How is invariance related to optic flow?

According to Goldstein (2014), invariant information is “…information that remains constant even when the observer is moving” (p. 155). Invariance is related to optic flow as the optic flow provides the necessary flow information which is present as the observer is moving through the environment (Goldstein, 2014, p. 155). Flow is there even if the scene appears differently due to variables such as position and speed.

Question# 4: What is observer-produced information? Describe its role in somersaulting and why there is a difference between novices and experts when they close their eyes.

Observer-produced information is often referred to as self-produced information, which is “[w]hen a person makes a movement, that movement creates information, and this information is, in turn, used to guide further movement (Goldstein, 2014, p. 155). Self-produced information is information gathered from practicing a certain move such as a somersault and identifying occurrences that need to happen and when to properly execute a move such as a somersault. It is interesting to find that novices can often execute moves such as a somersault better than experts as they have not yet developed the coordination cues that aid them in executing the same move time and time again (normally with their eyes open). This makes me think about the old saying of “beginners luck”, and I believe it is instances like this that make that statement true. It think that with practice and time that an expert could also master the move using different variables, but it may take them longer to learn a different way to do a move like a somersault than someone who has not yet established a method.

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