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List four advantages of treatment planning using a CT simulator over the conventional
x-ray simulator
Question 5 – Lung
A 60 year old smoker has a non small cell carcinoma of the middle lobe of the right lung,
causing collapse of the right middle lobe. He will be treated with curative (radical) intent
using concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
1. (PHY)
a) This patient will be CT simulated. List four advantages of treatment
planning using a CT simulator over the conventional
x-ray simulator.
b) Your department has access to a PET-CT scan. List two advantages of
using a PET-CT simulator for treatment planning over CT simulation alone.
c) List two advantages in using a 4D-CT (respiratory phase gating) simulator
for planning this patient.
d) Name and briefly describe an example of respiratory-adapted radiation
therapy.
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
2. (ANAT)
a) Describe the course and relations of the thoracic duct. (5 marks)
3. (RCB)
a) List the morphological features of apoptosis.
b) DNA damage can sometimes lead to apoptosis. Briefly describe the
molecular pathway for apoptosis.
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
4. (PATH)
a) Define the following terms:
i. Proto-oncogenes
ii. Oncogenes
iii. Oncoprotein
b) Name three mechanisms that convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
c) Self-sufficiency in growth signals is an essential step for malignant
transformation. List the steps in normal cell proliferation that can potentially
be subverted by oncogenes.
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