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Assignment Overview
This assignment relates to the SPSS Assignment 2 data file (SAV 5 KB).
The primary aim of this hypothetical study was to investigate the factors that affect depression and fear of going to school for primary school children in Australia. Depression and fear of going to school were assessed by a psychologist on an interval scale, with higher scores representing more severe cases. The study was conducted on a random sample of Australian primary school children. The participants completed a series of questionnaires and inventories pertaining to demographic data and psychological factors, such as anxiety and stress.
Please note that all relevant statistical SPSS output should be placed in an Appendix at the end of your document.
Related learning outcomes
This assignment assesses the following unit learning outcomes:
apply and analyse data using multiple regression models
interpret the results of multiple regression
identify and explain the concepts of mediation and interaction (moderation) within multiple regression models
apply and analyse data using analysis of variance (ANOVA) models
identify and explain the concept of interaction with ANOVA models
interpret results of ANOVA models
write concise reports of analyses.
The main aim of this hypothetical study was to investigate the factors that affect depression and fear of going to school for primary school children in Australia. It is recommended that you complete the questions on this assignment on a weekly basis, and not leave all the questions to the day before it is due. As a rough guide, you should:
Download the Assignment 2 data file (SAV 5 KB)and look through the questions (located on the Assignment 2: Workbook report 1 questions page) by the end of week 1 (It is important that you can open your data file in SPSS).
Download the Assignment 2 template (DOCX 58 KB)as you will answer the questions and add your SPSS outputs in this template.
Complete question 1 by the end of week 2 (Topic 1.3, pp. 20-35, see model reports on p. 31 and p. 34).
Complete question 2 by the end of week 3 (Topic 2.1, pp. 53-63).
Complete question 3 by the end of week 4 (Topic 2.2, pp. 64-77).
Complete question 4 by the end of week 5 (Topic 2.3, pp. 78-83, see model reports on pp. 80 – 81).
Variable
Variable coding
Variable description
ID N/A The identification number allocated to each student participant.
Depression N/A The degree to which participants experienced a sense of hopelessness and feelings of lethargy and sadness. depression was measured on a metric scale taking values from 0-90, whereby higher scores indicate a greater depression.
Difficulty with schoolwork N/A A self-measure of how difficult each child is finding current schoolwork. Higher scores indicate higher levels of difficulty with schoolwork.
Age N/A Age of the child (in years).
Fear of going to school N/A A psychologists’ assessment of the extent of the child’s fear of going to school. Higher scores indicate higher levels of fear.
Days absent N/A Number of days the child was absent from school in the last term.
Siblings N/A The number of siblings the child has.
Stress N/A A psychologists’ assessment of the extent of the child’s current level of stress. Higher scores indicate higher levels of stress.
Sex 0: Female
1: Male
The sex of the child.
Country 0: Australia
1: Overseas
The child’s country of birth.
Self esteem N/A A psychologists’ assessment of the extent of the child’s current level of self-esteem. Higher scores indicate higher levels of self esteem.
Bullied N/A A self-reported measure of the frequency of the child being bullied, recorded as the number of times the child reported they were bullied at school during the past month.
Friends N/A A self-reported measure of the number of friends the child currently has.
Travel distance N/A The distance (in kilometres) the child needs to travel from home to get to school.
Travel time N/A The time it takes to travel from the child’s home to school.
Assignment 2: Workbook report 1 questions
Question 1: Report (20%)
The researchers of this study have hypothesised that primary school children who have to travel longer distances to reach school will tend to have higher depression levels. Use the data from the Assignment 2 data file (SAV 5 KB) to investigate this hypothesis by looking at the relationship between depression score and travel distance to reach school.
Write a brief report on your results, including an appropriate hypothesis test. Include all relevant statistics and graphs, and appendix the relevant output.
Note 1: Assume all assumptions have been met.
Note 2: Check the marking rubric to see how this question is graded.
Note 3: The report should be written in APA format.
Question 2: Multiple regression (30%)
In a follow up study, the researchers decided to investigate the factors that affect depression for their sample of Australian primary school children. The researchers included the following predictors into their model: (1) Number of friends, (2) Frequency of being bullied and (3) sex. Using the Assignment 2 data file (SAV 5 KB), run a multiple regression to address this scenario and answer the following questions:
From the raw correlations table, which of the predictors were significantly related to the dependent variable? Quote relevant statistics.
Give the regression equation for depression (to two decimal places).
Use the regression equation to predict the depression score for a female student who has 3 friends and who was bullied 5 times in the past month.
Interpret the partial regression coefficient for number of friends.
Which was the most important predictor in this regression? Quote relevant statistics.
When all of the predictors are taken into account, which predictors contributed significantly to the multiple regression? Quote relevant statistics.
Is the value of Multiple R significant? What does this tell us? Quote relevant statistics.
How much of the variation in depression can be explained by this linear model?
Note 1: Assume all assumptions have been met.
Note 2: When quoting relevant statistics, use APA format.
Note 3: Check the marking rubric to see how this question is graded.
Question 3: Error identification (15%)
Continuing from the previous scenario, the researchers have written down four observations (a to d) that they have made based upon their analyses:
(a) When number of friends, frequency of being bullied, and sex are included in the model, they account for 75.1% of the variability in depression.
(b) The raw correlation coefficient for frequency of being bullied is .743. That is, by itself, the frequency of being bullied can account for 74.3% of the variability in depression.
(c) The frequency of being bullied accounts for 65.9% of the variability in depression, over and above the variability explained by the other predictors.
(d) The correlation between depression and how frequently children are bullied can be explained in terms of the number of friends they have. School children who are bullied more frequently tend to have less friends, and children who have less friends tend to be more depressed.
Unfortunately, the researchers have interpreted parts of their output incorrectly, which has led to potential errors with their observations. Your task is to identify and comment on any errors that you can detect for each of the four observations (a to d) and discuss what should have been written instead.
Note 1: If you agree with any of the observationsthen write “no errors” for that section.
Note 2: You will need to run the analysis yourself to check the researcher’s observations.
Note 3: Assume all assumptions have been met.
Note 4: Check the marking rubric to see how this question is graded.
Question 4: Report (35%)
Suppose the researchers were also interested in investigating the factors which affect the level of fear primary school children currently feel about to going to school each day. The researchers included the following predictors into their model: (1) depression, (2) difficulty with schoolwork, (3) self-esteem, and (4) country of birth (Australia / overseas).
The researchers hypothesised the following:
Children with higher levels of depression will have higher levels of fear of going to school.
Children who have more difficulty with their schoolwork will have higher levels of fear of going to school.
Children with lower levels of self-esteem will have higher levels of fear of going to school.
Using the data from the Assignment 2 data file (SAV 5 KB), write a report on the analysis addressing these hypotheses. Include relevant and formatted tables in the body of your report. You are to include all four of the variables listed above in your analysis
Note 1: Assume all assumptions have been met.
Note 2: Check the marking rubric to see how this question is graded.
Note 3: The report should be written in APA format.
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