Give one reason why clear felling is used by Scottish forestry industries.

1 (ii) Describe one role of SNH in conservation.

5. (continued) (c) Forestry Commission Scotland (FCS) manages 15% of its land for conservation or enhancement of biodiversity. Large areas of FCS land are densely planted with Sitka spruce, a non-native species. Capercaillie are frequently found in these areas seeking food and shelter but prefer the more open nature of the native Scots pine woodland. Improving forestry practices have resulted in: • moving away from clear felling towards creating smaller wooded areas with open areas; • replacing Sitka spruce with a wider mix of tree species; • improving public access for recreational activities.

i) Explain why moving away from clear felling will be more beneficial for the capercaillie.

1 (ii) Give one reason why clear felling is used by Scottish forestry industries. 1 (iii) Suggest why it would not be realistic for FCS to replant entirely with native species.

1 (iv) Name two recreational activities in forest and woodland areas. and (v) Name the code of conduct under which FCS land can be used by the public and outline one commitment of users and stewards under this code. Code name Users’ commitment Stewards’ commitment 2 1

5. (continued) (d) FCS has a duty to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) before undertaking forestry projects. What is the purpose of an EIA?
1 (e) Large parts of northern Scotland covered with blanket bog are now designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). In the past, large areas were drained for forestry and agriculture or depleted by peat extraction. More recently, grants are available from the Scottish Rural Development Programme (SRDP) for conserving blanket bog. (i) Describe the changes in land use associated with blanket bogs.

1 (ii) Give two reasons why the SRDP supports the conservation of blanket bog. 1 2 (f) Name two historical influences which have affected Scotland’s landscape. 1

6. (a) The maps below show the location of the Orkney Islands and the transport links with Edinburgh.

Orkney Islands

Air Road/rail Ferry

Stromness Scrabster

Kirkwall

Inverness Aberdeen

0

20

40

60

80 kilometres

Edinburgh
6. (a) (continued) The table below compares the CO2 emissions for different modes of transport and type of fuel used journeying from Edinburgh to the Orkney Islands. The wide variations are due to many factors including type of fuel used, engine power, service speed, fuel consumption per hour and of course route distance.

Marks

CO2 emissions (kg) for each mode of transport on each route Mode of transport/fuel Edinburgh to Aberdeen 21 Edinburgh to Kirkwall Edinburgh to Scrabster 43 Aberdeen to Kirkwall Scrabster to Stromness

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