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Riyadh City
As the Saudi Arabian capital, Riyadh lies on the longitude of 46° 43′ and latitude of 24° 39′ on the eastern side of the Arab Peninsula. Its altitude is 600m above sea level, making it an ideal city to be the kingdom’s capital and the government headquarters. The city stands at 1800 square kilometers, built from a fenced, small town. The city’s climate is hot and dry in the long summer months with moderately hot days and cold nights during the winter. There is little precipitation and the most rainfalls are in April, which are often accompanied by storms and winds. Riyadh lacks rivers and lakes and lies far from the sea on the Al-Safraa plateau. However, it has several hills and valleys on the eastern side, which include Al-Yasn valley, Hanifa valley and Al-Bathaa valley (Riyadh Principality, 2011).
Riyadh’s population and demographic figures are the fastest growing in the world, with an annual increase of 16%. The cosmopolitan city is home to over 4.6 million people from different cultural, lingual, and other backgrounds as compared to that of less than 100,000 in the 1950s. The 2007 demographic survey indicated that the population had increased to 4.6 million from 3.1 million in 2006 (World Population Review, 2014). The current population is rated at 16% from 8% in the 1980s. Young people constitute the highest proportion of the population, with teens below the age of fifteen making up 34%. The elderly population constitutes 3.1 % of the population, which is the smallest group of people aged above 65 years. The ratio of Saudi male to female in the Riyadh’s population is roughly 1:1, with 2 million males and 1.97 million females (Ar-Riyadh Development Authority, 2013). At birth, the sex ratio is normally 1.05 males per female. Non-Saudi male to female ratio is 3:1, because most of the non-Saudis are expatriates in the city. In 2004, the number of nuclear households had increased by 75% from 67% in 1996, and that of extended families reached 21%. Saudi families in the city are 657,162 of the 1.02 million people, with each family having an average of six individuals. The birth rate is 19.01 births/1,000 population, while the death rate is 3.32 deaths/1,000 population. The average infant mortality rate is 15.08 deaths/1,000 live births, with that of the males being 17.31 deaths/1,000 live births and 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births in the females. The life expectancy of the males is estimated to be 72.58 years while that of the females is 76.68 years, and an average of 74.58 years. The fertility rate is 2.26 children per woman, which is a decrease from 7.02 children per woman in the 1980s. The fertility rate is estimated to further reduce to 1.78 children per woman by 2050 (High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh, 2012).
Riyadh’s economy is stable with an estimated gross domestic product of about 60 billion riyals. The petroleum business constitutes a large part of the economy with the government controlling a significant share of the city’s economic activities. 80% of the budget revenues comes from the petroleum industry, which also accounts for 90% of export earnings and 45% of the GDP. The private sector also contributes significantly to the economic growth since 40 % of the added value comes from the sector. It is speculated that the private sector will spearhead the economic growth soon. Other potential areas include petrochemicals, natural gas, telecommunication and energy generation, which are being diversified to contribute to economic growth. Employment opportunities and the large population of Riyadh are the main contributing factors in the stable economy. Industries have also been pivotal in the economy, with about 924 factories worth about 25 million riyals and a workforce of about 87 thousand employees (United Nations, 2014). The government has set up economic cities in various regions aimed at attracting foreign investment. It has also invested in infrastructure and social development to boost economic development in the city and the country at large. Most of the people are employed with only about 10.6 % unemployment rate. The unemployed lot is aged between 15 and 24, with 23.6 % and 45.8% males and females respectively. The rate of household income is fair with an insignificant percentage of the population living below the poverty line (CIA World Factbook, 2012).
The government is facilitating the reduction of the unemployment rates through education. In turn, Riyadh has invested in education and job training by opening the schools and colleges. There are many schools in Riyadh for the accommodation of all students from kindergarten to the university. The King Abdallah University of Science and Technology in Riyadh is a research-oriented university aimed at enriching the Saudi society through technological development. The late King Abdul-Aziz facilitated the opening of regular schools, institutions, and scientific institutes that followed the establishment of the ministries of education and higher education. The education system aimed at developing educational and pedagogical processes equipped with modern education and technology facilities. By 1430H, there were 2541 boy schools and 2807 girl schools in Riyadh. Out of these, 545 were primary schools, 143 high schools, 300 middle schools, and 48 adult learning centers. King Saud University, the first in the kingdom, is the main university in the city, with 19 constituent colleges, some of which are located outside the city. Imam Muhammad bin Saud University is the city’s international and cultural university. Riyadh also has military training centers, which include King Fahd Security College, King Faisal Air Force College, King Abdul-Aziz military college, and King Khalid College for national guards.
Riyadh has reliable means of transportation that connects the city to other cities in the kingdom. The King Khalid airport is an international airport, which serves as a hub for all connecting flights to other cities. Other smaller airports with both paved and unpaved runways are also part of the transport sector, which are about 214 in total. A good network of railways and internal roads that act as important links across the city also serve the city (InterNations GmbH, 2014). The roads are serviced with bridges, tunnels, lights, crosses, and other road safety factors. The railway line is about 1,378 km that passes across the city and other parts of the kingdom. There are also pipelines that are used to transport petroleum products such as natural gas, condensate, refined products, oil, and liquid petroleum gas (United Nations, 2012).
Riyadh is a multicultural and diverse city with a stable economy, thanks to its large population of about 7 million people. The favorable geographical location of the city gives it an advantage to serve as Saudi Arabia’s capital and the government headquarters. The young people who constitute the largest proportion of the city’s population increase the country’s labor force, positively contributing to its enormous economy (Country Economy, 2012). Petroleum is the backbone of the city’s stable economy and the government facilitates the development of other sectors including foreign investment for increased economic growth. The city also has well-established education and transportation sectors that reinforce the economic growth (Index Mundi, 2013).
References
Ar-Riyadh Development Authority. (2013). Ar-Riyadh urban indicators 2009 / 1430 H. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://www.arriyadh.com/Eng/Content/Tab2/AboutArRiy/getdocument.aspx?f=/openshare/Eng/Content/Tab2/AboutArRiy/ArRiyadh-Urban-Indicators-2009—143.doc_cvt.htm
CIA World Factbook. (2012). Saudi Arabia. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://www.indexmundi.com/saudi_arabia/#Introduction
Country Economy. (2012). The population of Saudi Arabia goes up to 28,287,855 people. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/saudi-arabia
High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh. (2012). ArRiyadh Geography. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://www.arriyadh.com/Eng/Ab-Arriyad/Left/History/getdocument.aspx?f=/openshare/Eng/Ab-Arriyad/Left/History/ArRiyadh-Geography.doc_cvt.htm
Index Mundi. (2013). Saudi Arabia economy profile 2013. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://www.indexmundi.com/saudi_arabia/economy_profile.html
InterNations GmbH. (2014). Education and transport in Riyadh. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://www.internations.org/riyadh-expats/guide/living-in-riyadh-15796/education-and-transport-in-riyadh-3?ah01_enabled
Riyadh Principality. (2011). Riyadh city. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/en/Pages/RiyadhCity.aspx
United Nations. (2012). The demographic profile of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://www.escwa.un.org/popin/members/SaudiArabia.pdf
United Nations. (2014). UN General Assembly endorses fundamental principles of official statistics. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm
World Population Review. (2014). Saudi Arabia population 2014. Retrieved on 17 April 2014 from http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/saudi-arabia-population/
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