A critical review of theories of the nature of organisational culture, including how it may impact on innovation, and how it may be affected by the leaders of an organisation

Task:

Critical essay of 6000 words (100%) which integrates theory and practice. The assignment must include a clear structure with an abstract, a list of references and, where appropriate, appendices and diagrams. You must make appropriate use of journal articles and texts (See attached supplied author and journals). References should follow the Harvard system.

The assignment should contain:

1. A critical review of theories of the nature of organisational culture, including how it may impact on innovation, and how it may be affected by the leaders of an organisation
2. An examination of how culture influences behaviours related to innovation and change in an organisation of your choice
3. A recommendation as to strategies and actions that could be implemented (by you or by the organisation’s leaders) to enhance or create an appropriate culture

To preserve confidentiality, please anonymise the organisation or organisations you discuss in the assignment, eg by calling them Company X, or Governmental Organisation Y, or International Organisation Z. Similarly, where you write about private individuals, call them manager A, or leader B.

N.B. The word count will include quotations but exclude footnotes, list of references, appendices, tables and graphs. Appendices will not count against the word limit but should not contain large amounts of text. (It will be expected that they will normally contain diagrams or tables or visual images). Appendices should not contain material that is essential to meeting the assignment brief. If you exceed the wordcount by more than 10%, you will be penalised.

Guidelines on how to approach the assignment!
The assignment requires 3 Parts that should follow this structure:
1. A critical review of theories of the nature of organisational culture, including how it may impact on innovation, and how it may be affected by the leaders of an organisation
2. An examination of how culture influences behaviours related to innovation and change in an organisation of your choice
3. A recommendation as to strategies and actions that could be implemented (by you or by the organisation’s leaders) to enhance or create an appropriate culture
Part 1 – Critical review
To do a critical review requires you to read what a number of different experts have said about a topic, and to examine their theories and arguments in order to reach a conclusion. This is similar to a ‘literature review.’ Different experts have different views, they have found different things in their research, and they have proposed different theories, so your job is to make sense of the different views and theories to form a coherent view of your own. Can you trust what the different experts say? You must assess the quality of their research, their arguments and their findings.
You can do this by reading what Expert A has said on a topic, and finding out what Experts B and C have subsequently said about Expert A’s work, and what their own research says. There are critics of even the leading experts on culture like Schein and Hofstede.
You are asked to examine the “theories of the nature of organisational culture.” What do we mean by the ‘nature’ of something? For organisational culture, you can:
– Examine how different experts have defined and described organisational culture. There are many different views, so you should ask yourself: Why are there different definitions? Why is it that the experts find it hard to agree on a single definition of organisational culture?
– Examine the many different models/frameworks that have been developed by different experts to examine an organisational culture. How and why do the models/frameworks compare with each other? How can they be used to produce different views of the organisation? How can they used to ‘investigate’ an organisational culture? What are their strengths and weaknesses?
– Examine what different experts have said about how organisation culture is formed and shaped and changed. And, as specified in the assignment question, what is the leader’s influence?
– Examine what different experts have discovered about how organisational culture can help or hinder organisational performance.
– Examine what different experts have said about the aspects of organisational culture that help or hinder innovation; what types of innovation are appropriate to different organisational cultures?
These are the typical questions to address when discussing the ‘nature’ of organisational culture. You may want to add more of your own. To do the critical review, you need to read what different experts have said about each topic you discuss.
Here is an example of a search: Say you want to find sources that discuss organisational culture and innovation. You can search using the words: – organisational culture innovation and organisational culture blocks innovation and Schein innovation and Cameron and Quinn innovation and different types of innovation organisation culture and theories organisational culture innovation and criticisms innovation organisation culture – and more…….. Choose different combinations of key words
As you search, you will find more key words and more authors’ names to search for.

Part 2 Case study
In part 1, you focus on demonstrating your knowledge and understanding of the theories of organisation culture developed by different experts. In part 2, you can demonstrate your understanding further by applying those theories to an actual organisation. This is your ‘case study.’ You are specifically required in your case study to examine “how culture influences behaviours related to innovation and change.”
You can choose any organisation, but I strongly suggest you look at the organisation you work in or that you know personally. If you choose an organisation you don’t know personally, for example General Electric, Apple, etc., then you will have to collect information about their practices from a number of different credible sources. This can be difficult. If you choose an organisation you work in or know personally, you can use your own eyes and ears and other data collecting tools.
In the case study, you should use the theories from Part 1 to explain why things are the way they are in the organisational culture. You should use one or more models/frameworks from your Part 1, so that your examination will be more systematic and credible. But sometimes the theories are not completely right or complete, so don’t be afraid to criticise the theories.
Part 3 Recommendations
Your recommendations should follow on logically from the findings in your case study in part 2. What can be improved? You should present a vision of what a culture that supports better innovation and change will look like, and you should use the theories from Part 1 to support your arguments for that vision. You should then outline the practical steps management need to take to get ‘from here to there’. Imagine your recommendations are being made to management; what will convince them?
NB: Use the attached authors and writers for the assignment and do further research to complete the task.

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