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You should use a minimum of 15 references of which at least 5 are journal articles. You can also use Government and organisational reports but make sure the sources are credible and that you understand the statistical data that is presented. References can be up to 10 years old
INTEXT REF TO BE USED
Title: State your specific population/community.
Choose a subgroup of one of the following populations:
You are required to describe a population or community and discuss the social determinants of health and health issues within your chosen population or community. You must narrow your population to a geographical area e.g. a town, city or region or state; or to a well-defined community such as an ethnic group or other minority.
You need to define your population in your introduction and present demographic and epidemiological data to support your description of the health issues. You need to narrow down your health issues and show the significance of a particular issue to your chosen population or sub-group of your population. The health issue and population will be the central part of your next assignment so they must be clearly stated in your conclusion. Please remember to focus on a health issue for which you can develop a health promotion program. It is highly recommended that you undertake assignment 2 at the same time.
Demographics
In this section you need to show that you can find and use epidemiological data (statistics) to describe your population group. Start broad by providing some data about pregna For example: If you chose ‘pregnant Aboriginal teenagers’ as your population (you can narrow it down even further, perhaps Aboriginal girls living in remote communities of northern WA, if you have enough data about that population); you would give a broad description of this population (age, gender, location, etc) and then compare these data to the rest of Australia and/or changes over time in order to give some context and meaning to the data. Make sure you compare groups using the same measurements (percentage, ratio etc) so that they can be appropriately compared.
Health Issues
Outline the health issues (e.g. Infectious diseases, injuries, dental, hearing etc) relevant to your population. Give a broad overview and then narrow down and be more specific; e.g. you may find data to show that STIs are a particular problem for your population and the focus of your health issue is then about sexual health. You can assume that the reader has basic knowledge about your health issue so there is no need to describe the pathology/signs/symptoms etc unless it is specifically relevant to your health issue.
Social determinants of health (SDoH)
Now that you have narrowed down both your population/community group and health issues to a manageable level; you need to outline the social determinants of health that relate to your target group and health issue. You should address at least three different SDoH but some of you will cover more – it depends on how well you keep to the word limit and the significance of your social determinants.
Answers:
Introduction
The Thai women in Australia usually originate from Thailand. Majority of the Migrants usually come from small towns such as North of Chiang Rai. In that case, most of them usually move to Australia in search of green pasture. The Thai migrant women typically experience high levels of disease infection while in Australia. They are highly vulnerable to chronic disease and mental problems. Accordingly, it is recorded that the highest percentage of domestic violence in Australia emanates from migrant Thai women. Studies reveal that the significant barriers to health services are language skills along with the Thai Temple which happens to be the fascinating factors. In that case, it is recommended that the improvement of the well-being along with community services for Thailand women migrants needs to consider how the Thai culture both affects health (Byles, Perry, Parkinson, Bellchambers, Moxey & Howie, 2015).
The Thai migrant women in Australia are reported to have a very low involvement in preventive health programs and usually live unhealthy lifestyle and behaviors. They also have a deficient comprehension of health education which is determined by their language skills. Furthermore, their health problems are reported to increase because Australia’s medical costs are very high and most of them are always forced to get medical attention only after their return to Thailand (Liamputtong, Haritavorn & Kiatying-Angsulee, 2015).
Demographics
The number of Thai people who are residing in Australia as per the census of 2016 are around 46000. This is from the fact that Australia is an increasingly popular tourist destination for Thai people (Malhotra, Arambepola, Tarun, de Silva, Kishore & Østbye, 2013). Accordingly, several Thais have moved to live in Australia for several reasons, and therefore Thailand’s makes up a good percentage in different parts of Australia be it Victoria along with New South Wales (Cox, 2015).
The median ages for Thailand and Australian women as per the 2012 census are 37 and 31 years respectively. Conversely, it is estimated that Thailand women make up around 68 % of the total Thai people in Australia (Tam & Clarke, 2015). As an illustration, the gender imbalance is due to the intercultural marriage between Thai women and the Australian men. Census data further shows that the Thailand born people in Australia have considerable percentages. The figure below shows the number of women and Men of Thailand people in Australia (Cox, 2015).
2
Figure 1 the number of Thailand men and women in Australia
Regarding the language spoken, the diagram below shows the types of communication the immigrant Thai born people talk while in Australia. The primary language spoken by Thailand-born people in Australia is Thai. Concerning religion, the 2011 census states that the significant religious affiliation among the Thailand-born was Buddhism, baptism and Catholic (Peltzer & Mongkolchati, 2015).
1
Figure 2 the languages spoken by Thailand women in Australia
The Australian born individuals had an income median of around 590 dollars as compared to Thai people who were 390 dollars as per the 2014 statistics. On the other hand, the qualification above high school level was 56% for Thai people as compared to the entire population (Cox, 2015). According to the 2011 census, around 60% of Thai people were involved in laboring work as compared to Australians which is 65%.
During the 2011 Census, the median for weekly income for Australian born persons was 597 dollars. On the other hand, Median income for Thailand-born people was 390 dollars per week which happen to be around thirty-five per cent lower as compared to the average Australians. Furthermore, the merits above high school level was at a higher rate for Thailand citizens compared to the general population which was slightly lower at 1.5%. The Thai women in Brisbane had a degree or higher certificates as compared to the Australian women. As per the 2011 Census, around sixty-six per cent of the Thai people were engaged in labour work, as compared to the Australian rates which were sixty-five (Peltzer & Mongkolchati, 2015). Last but not least, out of the total Australian population, forty-eight per cent were employed within professional, managerial or skilled jobs as compared to thirty-seven per cent of the Thailand individuals.
The Thai population in Australia has proliferated which is evenly distributed. As an illustration, several parts of Sydney have experienced rapid growth with some other areas showing almost two times as many Thai speakers as compared to 2011 (Reekie, Gidding, Kaldor & Liu, 2013). The central part of Sydney now has more than three times as many Thai speakers as compared to ten years ago. Accordingly, the Thai born population within Australia is more highly educated as compared to the overall population when measured by some years schooling or ta he level of educational attainment. Additionally, the unemployment rate among the Thai-born people is eight percent as compared to the overall Australian rate which is five percent (Peltzer & Mongkolchati, 2015).
The Health Problems
This paper also explains the status of the Thai migrant women in Australia health wise. In that case, the physical health of women, their utilization of health services along with constancy to the preventive measures are also addressed. The results are based on data which was extracted from a descriptive study of around 140 women in Brisbane who happened to complete a structured questionnaire (Katewongsa, Sawangdee, Yousomboon & Choolert, 2014).
The Thailand people living within Australia have higher chances of contracting cancer, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure along with other chronic disorders (Tam & Clarke, 2015). Conversely, around forty-nine percent of the respondents within the study reported more than one chronic disease with no difference among the genders. As an illustration, the seventy-five percent of the group were 45 years and older with a mean age of 51 years. However, they found speaking English at home along with the availability of both Medicare and private health insurance to be associated with improved intellectual well-being (García-Moreno, Pallitto, Devries, Stöckl, Watts & Abrahams, 2013).
Some studies show that those individuals who are fluent in speaking English had better mental health with very low chronic diseases. Accordingly Thai women are reported to have deficient levels of psychological and physical health as compared to the rest of the Australians (Kryger, 2015). It is also recorded that the future lifespan of Thai people could be 15 years shorter and that is because of AIDS along with drug addiction. Furthermore, according to the health customs in Thailand, most people are used to abusing drugs which they buy over the counter.
Regarding attendance to the general practitioners, the rate at which Thailand women does it is almost similar to the percentage of the entire population though the presumption of recommended medication is much diminished as the Thais were not visiting Australian pharmacies as often (Saito, Creedy, Cooke & Chaboyer, 2013). The Thailand women in Australia prefer purchasing drugs in Thailand where it appears cheaper to them or else utilize their Thailand Traditional Medicine. As can be seen, the dissent with recommended Western medication could explain why there happen to be higher prescription rates and lower levels of health reported by Thailand women (Katewongsa, Sawangdee, Yousomboon & Choolert, 2014).
AIDS is the main health issue which is affecting the Thai women in Australia. The Thailand migrant population has a mean age of 31 years, with around seventeen percent of the Thailand people in the 20-40 years old range (Kryger, 2015). In that case, it can be logically be assumed that HIV will be a relevant condition which affects the well-being of a significant number of the Thailand migrant women, and an opportunity in primary health care to work on improving the health outcomes for this group of people. This is because at this age people are usually vibrant and there are always many chances of getting involved in activities which can lead HIV infection
The primary health problem that affects Thailand women in Australia is HIV/AIDS. The US-based global research organization along with the Institute of Health Metrics and evaluation highlights the ongoing toll among the Thailand women despite the strong public response to tackle the disease. Thailand women are always beautiful and romantic, and so they are still a target for any Man in Australia who would want sexual satisfaction (García-Moreno, Pallitto, Devries, Stöckl, Watts & Abrahams, 2013). Therefore, a very reasonable percentage of Thailand women in Australia are profoundly affected by HIV/AIDS. Dues to different factors that usually affect Thai women in Australia usually forces them to become commercial sex workers.
Social Determinant of Health (SDoH)
The social determinants of health are termed as the inequities which impact upon the life expectancy along with the health of various populations. In other words, they are defined as the settings in which individuals are born, grow, live, work and age. However, SDoH acknowledges the fact that there is no single factor which spawns health illness across the lifespan of people. Instead, the complicated locality outside of choice along with decision-making capabilities of persons may persuade their overall well-being status (Derks, 2013).
Some of the social determinants of health that affects the Thai women in Australia are language, access to health care services, socioeconomic conditions along with the quality of education and job training (Kiss et al.2015). As an illustration, the Thailand women adversely affected by language. Majority of the Thai women usually face difficulties in maintaining the Thailand language at home while they are with their Australian born children husbands (Doolan et al.2015). This is because Australia is a monolingual society where they only use English as the official language and hence the medium of exchange for everything. Furthermore, the Thailand women usually struggle to find a comfort zone between their cultural traditions along with the culture of their new homelands (Chew et al. 2016).
The Thailand culture along with the other small culture such as the Ishaan happens to be the small cultures in Australia. However, it can result in disempowerment by mainstream Australia to impact the well-being of people and hence increase the risk of premature deaths. Accordingly, the issue of being different from the dominating cultural group avails the access problems for Thailand migrant women in Australia. The Thai female migrants usually report that while they can describe their medical problems, they find the process for gathering information uncomfortably direct. In simple terms, they find Australian healthcare professionals to be unfriendly and not sufficient to provide a test (Chew et al. 2016).
The cultural differences which usually results to racism, unemployment and discrimination can feed exclusion from the mainstream society. In that case, the Thailand migrant women do experience these risk factors at different levels. The access to mental health services is usually a problem for Thailand women due to the fact they have issues with language skills and hence they might not understand the descriptions in English correctly (Chatterji, Baldwin, Prakash, Vlack & Lambert, 2014).
The Food culture is another issue. This happens to be a big part for all Thailand migrants living in Australia. They mainly rely on the diet of glutinous rice. However, the unreliable reports from a European trained RN who lived many years in Thailand is that incidence of seven of diabetes in Thailand is high and it is due to excessive intake of glutinous rice (Srivastava, Avan, Rajbangshi & Bhattacharyya, 2015). A check of the glycaemic index of glutinous rice indicates that it has a GI rating of 98. In that case, if at all the Thailand women maintain their traditional diet, it is likely that their glycaemic control will be affected.
Access to health care services has also been a determinant issue of health to Thai women because of language barriers along with the costs of medications in Australia. Furthermore, they usually fail to utilize the healthcare systems because of several reasons which generally affects their overall health outcomes (Chatterji, Baldwin, Prakash, Vlack & Lambert, 2014).The other determinant is violence which impacts emotional and mental health. The Thai women usually choose to remain in marriage even if there are issues with their Australian husbands.
Conclusion
In conclusion, because the Thai women are always beautiful and romantic, they do report higher incidences of HIV Aids. This is the primary health issue that affects them. Accordingly, with the fact that Thai girls are usually romantic, this is another factor which can expose them to high chances of contracting that disease and therefore there has to be an engagement with the migrant women of Thailand so as to promote health care. They also have to be given information about which services are available to help them.
References
Byles, J., Perry, L., Parkinson, L., Bellchambers, H., Moxey, A., & Howie, A. (2015). Encouraging best practice nutrition and hydration in residential aged care. Final report: Australian Government Department of Health & Ageing 2009.
Chatterji, M., Baldwin, A. M., Prakash, R., Vlack, S. A., & Lambert, S. B. (2014). Public health response to a measles outbreak in a large correctional facility, Queensland, 2013. Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report, 38(4), e294-e297.
Chew, D. P., Scott, I. A., Cullen, L., French, J. K., Briffa, T. G., Tideman, P. A., … & Aylward, P. E. (2016). National Heart Foundation of Australia & Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: Australian clinical guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes 2016. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 25(9), 895-951.
Cox, P. (2015). Violence against women in Australia: additional analysis of the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Personal Safety Survey, 2012. ANROWS.
Derks, A. (2013). Human rights and (im) mobility: Migrants and the State in Thailand. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 28(2), 216-240.
Doolan, I., Najman, J., Henderson, S., Cherney, A., Plotnikova, M., Ward, J., … & Smirnov, A. (2015). A retrospective comparison study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander injecting drug users and their contact with youth detention and/or prison. Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin, 15(4).
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization
Katewongsa, P., Sawangdee, Y., Yousomboon, C., & Choolert, P. (2014). Physical activity in Thailand: The general situation at national level. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18, e100-e101.
Kiss, L., Pocock, N. S., Naisanguansri, V., Suos, S., Dickson, B., Thuy, D., … & Borland, R. (2015). Health of men, women, and children in post-trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: an observational cross-sectional study. The Lancet Global Health, 3(3), e154-e161.
Kryger, T. (2015). Casual employment in Australia: A quick guide. Parliamentary Library.
Liamputtong, P., Haritavorn, N., & Kiatying-Angsulee, N. (2015). Local discourse on antiretrovirals and the lived experience of women living with HIV/AIDS in Thailand. Qualitative health research, 25(2), 253-263.
Malhotra, R., Arambepola, C., Tarun, S., de Silva, V., Kishore, J., & Østbye, T. (2013). Health issues of female foreign domestic workers: a systematic review of the scientific and gray literature. International journal of occupational and environmental health, 19(4), 261-277.
Peltzer, K., & Mongkolchati, A. (2015). Severe early childhood caries and social determinants in three-year-old children from Northern Thailand: a birth cohort study. BMC Oral Health, 15(1), 108.
Reekie, J., Gidding, H. F., Kaldor, J. M., & Liu, B. (2013). Country of birth and other factors associated with hepatitis B prevalence in a population with high levels of immigration. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 28(9), 1539-1544.
Saito, A., Creedy, D., Cooke, M., & Chaboyer, W. (2013). Effect of intimate partner violence on antenatal functional health status of childbearing women in northeastern Thailand. Health care for women international, 34(9), 757-774.
Srivastava, A., Avan, B. I., Rajbangshi, P., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2015). Determinants of women’s satisfaction with maternal health care: a review of literature from developing countries. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 15(1), 97.
Tam, S. M., & Clarke, F. (2015). Big data, official statistics and some initiatives by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. International Statistical Review, 83(3), 436-448.
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